The M.A. degree requirements include a thesis. In the Winterthur Program this may take one of several forms, such as a written document, an exhibition project, or a website. No matter the form, all theses have a written component, and all should demonstrate a high level of intellectual rigor and innovation. The thesis can be a written document of 40-60 pages (not including title pages, illustrations, notes, and bibliography). Theses may be longer, but in general, students are encouraged to emphasize quality over quantity. Alternatively, the thesis can be a hybrid product that combines a creative, material, or digital project and a required companion paper of approximately 20 pages (not including title pages, illustrations, notes, and bibliography). In this instance, the paper serves to introduce the thesis project and explain its argument(s), methodology, historiography, and scholarly contribution.